12. Ensure that, in cases where it is likely that identifiable data (including visual or voice methods) may be shared with other researchers or third parties, the potential uses for which the data could be used should be discussed with research participants. Researchers must not violate the “duty of confidentiality” and must not disclose identifiable data to third parties without the consent of participants. Research participants should be informed whether the data is likely to be stored in archives, including electronic repositories, and how it will be encrypted. Researchers should also note that they are subject to applicable legislation (UK Data Protection Act 1998) with respect to intellectual property (including copyright, trademark, patent), privacy and confidentiality, and the “processing of personal data”[9]. Offers of confidentiality can sometimes be overridden by law: researchers should therefore take into account the circumstances in which they may be obliged to disclose information to judicial or other authorities and make these circumstances clear to participants when obtaining their informed consent. Researchers employed in institutions such as universities or criminal justice agencies are subject to the ethical governance of institutional research. Legal advice is often provided to researchers employed at universities through research services departments. The ESRC Research Ethics Framework: www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/Framework-for-Research-Ethics_tcm8-4586.pdf. In short, this framework establishes research ethics governance procedures, which are a prerequisite for obtaining ESRC funding. The criminal justice system requires ethical considerations. The importance of ethics in criminal justice cannot be overstated.
But is it a question of discretion? The idea is to shift the burden of proof to the prosecutor while striving to make accurate and factual comments. For example, accused persons must alter misleading statements or be charged with obstruction of justice. What integrity, ethical and legal issues are raised in the case study? What options does the company have, what should it do and why? (ii) actively promote the professional development of research personnel by ensuring that they receive adequate training, support and protection in a research environment that may endanger their physical and/or mental well-being; 7. Accept that informed consent implies a responsibility on the part of researchers to explain as fully and meaningfully as possible to participants what research is, who conducts and funds it, why it is carried out and how research results should be disseminated. It is reasonable to expect researchers to provide all participants with a full explanation of the study. Some of the questions raised in this case study include why the teacher republished the same test. the unreasonable difficulty of the course and whether this or the teacher`s actions justify a student using the answers inadvertently disclosed by the teacher; the relationship between ethical concerns and the Student Code of Ethics; and the student`s relationship with the teacher and other students, and the impact the student`s actions may have on other students. Speakers can also consult the Key Questions section for an in-depth discussion of this case study. Suppose the mother-in-law is legally obliged to follow the wishes stated in the will, but no one will verify this and it is very unlikely that the mother-in-law will have a problem with the law. What integrity, ethical and legal issues are raised in the case study? What are the mother-in-law`s options, what should she do and why? Some of the issues raised in this case study are how the problem first emerged, which stakeholders are involved, and what power they do or do not have; whether the current regime is ethical; how the integrity and ethics of countries are similar and different from those of the people, and whether the country acts or should act with integrity; whether the current regulation legalises an essentially unfair agreement and, if so, how this affects citizens` opinion of the law.
Economic and Social Research Council website: www.esrc.ac.uk; Link to ethics policy: www.esrc.ac.uk/about-esrc/information/research-ethics.aspx We can look at how police interact with communities and how communities interact with police in different ways to see how ethics influence police behaviour.
